KHẢO SÁT TÌNH HÌNH Ô NHIỄM NGUỒN NƯỚC, XÁC ĐỊNH MỘT SỐ CHỈ TIÊU TRONG NƯỚC THẢI CỦA QUÁ TRÌNH SẢN XUẤT CÔNG NGHIỆP

;B Vai trò của nước sạch và tình trạng ô nhiễm môi trường nước
1.1. Vai trò của nước
Q=O]1HaM,43F,M1+,43C/,M-+/,,-+/,2YM>-0,4>-•q3I,-MI!M‹,-Š,4
iN,4O-_C!AT,4-F!,Q=O,4LHKo,KR+iQs,4H/,-HT,4]1,s+H3T,]01+M-3•
A+,-A+,-AW,4!,Q=OKQyOAtin,4M20,4HZ+H\MOPIKj+AW,4O0,,4Qj+.1HZ+
]01+Ka,4M-€O.pMM2/,M2X+KYMB3C,-+/,,43F,,Q=OARO-q3G4+XKI,4Vmh-I+
M-XOiL,OR,h+lM!M-+o3,Q=OARO-h-T,4,-Š,4_,--QJ,4Ko,Kj+AW,4O0,,4Qj+
H1ON,_,--QJ,4Ko,OXO]0R+A+,-.pMM2/,M2X+KYMO•,4,-QHZ+-0RMKa,4A_,
f3YM!A+,--0RMB3aOAW,4M2/,2X+YMVeM,43F,M‹M20,4,Q=OBYMO_OXOA€
AW,4M2/,2X+YMK[3>-nM-3aO.10,Q=O.10.N,4M3L,-01,,Q=OB
Q=OO•_,--QJ,4q3CoMKm,-Ko,h-G-p3.1]1,43C/,,-U,MR02IM-j+M+oMB
E,4]Qy,4H\MM2j+AQJ+YHh-T,4KF,4K[3OXOKR+iQs,4KƒMR0,/,OXO
iN,4-_+]Q3M2/,M01,OL3B@N,4-_+]Q33]cM2dIH.p,O-3Ck,,Q=OYHM‹.‚,4
?m,-  df+O0  Ko,  }eOR+  UC  @Qs,4]1H  _,-  -QJ,4  Ko,  h-G  -p3  OPI  .1+
.‚,4O-U3‘3B
Q=O]1M-1,->-L,q3I,M2Z,4OPIOXOMoV10A+,--ZO.1]1HT+M2Qj,4OPI
OXOq3XM2S,-A+,--•IOsV_,,-Qq3I,4-y>B
s,85’i+l,MGO-OPI2X+YMKQyOVI0>-PVJ+,Q=OB<Qy,4,Q=OM2/,
2X+YMO•.10h-0_,4;!:6MzhH“B20,4K•v8!`’]1,Q=OH\,M20,4OXOKR+
iQs,4M2/,M-o4+=+!>-L,ON,]R+!7!g’!]1,Q=O,4ZM!MF,MR+O-PCo3iQ=+iR,4
VE,4M3CoMK•,4J-I+O€O.1
M2/,  OXO  ,4Z,  ,•+!  O-z  O•
5!:’,Q=OM2/,M01,M-o4+=+
{-IC:!gM2+l3hH“|]1O•M-k
At  in,4  ]1H  ,Q=O  3W,4B
?+lOO3,4OY>,Q=O3W,4A”
]1HaMM20,4,-Š,4M-tM-XO-
]=,,-YMOPI]01+,4Qj+M20,4
.1+M-p>,+/,M=+KUCB43F,
,Q=OO•,4Kƒ]1,43C/,,-U,4UC2IHaMM20,4,-Š,4O3aOO-+o,M2I,-J23,4
p,T,4B
Q=OKQyOAtin,4M20,4OT,4,4-+l>M‹]U3,-Q]1,43F,,-+/,]+l3{OW+fIC
,Q=O!HXC-s+,Q=O!,-1HXCM-PCK+l,|!]1O-YMM2I0Kw+,-+lMB
1.2. Phân bố của nước trên Trái đất
2I,49
Hình 1: Chu trình của nước trên trái đất
<Qy,4,Q=OM€,-+/,O•v8’]1,Q=OH\,>-U,VwJV+k,.1KR+iQs,4!
:!9’ON,]R+>-U,VWJKYM]+[,Bw,4]Qy,4,Q=O]=,,-Q,4]Qy,4,Q=O,4ZMO-z
O•M-kAtin,4OXO,43F,AI3
;B7B;B Nước ngọt trên bề mặt đất
− <Qy,4,Q=OHQI2s+f3W,4H\MKYMB
− Q=OMF,MR+M20,4OXOAT,4!2RO-!I0!-FB
− aM>-L,2YMGM,Q=OM‹KLH]LC.1VE,4M3CoMB
;B7B7B Nước ngọt trong lòng đất
Q=OiQ=+KYMO•]0R+,Q=OH\,!,Q=O]y.1,Q=O
,4ZM!M20,4K•,Q=O,4ZMO-zO•]Q3]Qy,4,-YMKm,-B
Q=OiQ=+KYMKQyOM1,4M2ŠM20,4OXO]„-w,4.1h-d
-JKYMKXB
IB Tầng chứa nước
XO]=>KYMKXO•M-1,->-L,-RMM-T{OXM!AR,!A†+|!h-d-J!,bM,r!O•MG,-
M-YH,Q=O!i•,,Q=OMWMH1O0,,4Qj+O•M-kh-I+M-XO,Q=O>-nO.nO-0,-3OL3
OPIHS,-4Z+]1OXOML,4O-bI,Q=OB
VB Tầng cách nước
<1ML,4KYMKX.=+M-1,->-L,-RMHm,{A–M!VaMA–M|!O•-lAWM-YH,-†!h-_
,E,4O-0,Q=OM-YHf3C/,q3ICo3!h-_,E,4h-I+M-XO,Q=OM20,4ML,4,1CM-Y>B
1.3. Phân loại nước
Q=O]1,43F,M1+,43C/,q3u!]1Co3MWh-T,4M-kM-+o3O-0HZ+-0RMKa,4
AW,4M2/,M2X+KYMB3C,-+/,!O‚,4.=+q3XM2S,->-XMM2+k,OPIO0,,4Qj+!KTM-m
-0X!OT,4,4-+l>-0X,41CO1,4>-XMM2+k,Kƒ_,--QJ,4fY3Ko,,43F,M1+,43C/,
,1CB2Q=OMS,--S,-,43F,,Q=OVmT,-+DH,41CO1,4,4-+/HM2Z,4!OXOOY>]ƒ,-
KR0!OXOOsq3I,O-bO,E,4KƒM+o,-1,-h+kHM2I,43F,,Q=OKkM‹K•KQI2IOXO
V+l,>-X>,-‡HO_+M-+l,MS,--S,-BQ=OKQyO>-U,]0R+,-QAI3
;B:B;B Nước thiên nhiên – nước sinh hoạt
Q=OM-+/,,-+/,VI04FHOXO,43F,,Q=OJAT,4,4N+!I0-F!A3W+!HRO-
,4LH!V+k,BQ=OM-+/,,-+/,]1HaMimM-kVI04FHOXOO-YMh-T,4MI,O•,43F,
4WO.TOsO•,4,-Q-Š3OsBXOO-YM,1CKQyOfUH,-p>.10,43F,
2I,4g
Hình 2. Vòng tuần hoàn nước trong tự
nhiên
,Q=OM‹KYM!KX!Ka,4.pM!M-€O.pMO•,4,-QO0,,4Qj+~-d0,43F,>-XMA+,-
,4Qj+MIO-+I,Q=OM-+/,M-1,-OXO]0R+AI3
− Q=OHQI-Qj,4KQyO-01 MI,
;]Qy,4h-G
7
!
7
!
7
 .1HaMAW
h-Gh-XOB 401+  h-G-01MI,M20,4
,Q=OHQION,O•]•,Vn+VpH.1.+
M2‚,4,/,,Q=OHQIM-3aO]0R+,Q=O
H[H!ARO-HXMh-+H=+-b,4B
− Q=O  HRO-!  ,Q=O  ,4LH  @0
,Q=OM-YHM20,4]N,4KYM]U3Kj+MR0
M-1,-,-Š,4HRO-,Q=OO-_CM20,4]N,4
KYM.SKQyOO-eO]ZOq3I,-+[3ML,4]=>,/,,Q=OHRO-M-3aO]0R+,Q=OH[H!
M20,4HXM!i0K•KQyOi‚,4,-+[3M20,4A+,--0RMB
− Q=OJM2/,V[H\MM2X+KYM-QJI0!-F!AT,4!V+k,~\OK+kHOPI,Q=O
,1CM-Qj,4O-bI,-+[3MR>O-YMh-XO,-I3!M‚C.10M‹,4.‚,4!M‹,4]ƒ,-M-w~
− Q=O3W,4,Q=O3W,4O-PCo3]1,Q=O,4ZMM€,-+/,M20,4K•KƒKQyOq3C
Km,-OnM-k.[OXOM-1,->-L,-•I-ZO^.+A+,-^OXO+0,h+H]0R+~AI0O-0>-‚
-y>.=+q3XM2S,-M2I0Kw+O-YMOPIO0,,4Qj+B
;B:B7B Nước thải
Q=OM-_+]1hoMq3_OPIA€,-+DHV—,,Q=OV[H\MOPI,Q=OM€,-+/,i0
OXO-0RMKa,4A+,--0RM!A_,f3YMOPIO0,,4Qj+-ICi0q3XM2S,->-U,-3•OPIfXO
Ka,4!M-€O.pMB-1,->-L,,Q=OM-_+>-nM-3aO,-+[3.10,43F,,-+DHV—,h-XO
,-I3,-Q,T,4,4-+l>!OT,4,4-+l>~.1OXO-0RMKa,4A+,--0RMh-XOOPIO0,
,4Qj+B
20,4,Q=OM-_+O•2YM,-+[3O-YMh-XO,-I3M3ˆM-3aO.10M‹,4.‚,4!M‹,4
h-3A_,f3YM~•O•M-k]1,-Š,4O-YMMI,M20,4,Q=O-ICJiR,4-3C[,>-‚!,-•
MQs,4O-0Ko,OXO]0R+.+h-3—,~@0MQs,4MXO-0X-ZO4+ŠIOXOO-YM]1HO-0>
OPIHT+M2Qj,4M-ICKw+!ON,OXOO-YM-3C[,>-‚!hoMMPI]1H,4E,O_,A€>-XM
M2+k,OPIOXO]0R+.+A+,-.pM]1HARO-,Q=O!O_,M2JA€>-XMM2+k,OPIOXO]01+Ka,4!
M-€O.pMJM20,4,Q=OO•,4,-QJOXO.‚,4f3,4q3I,-B
1.4. Thành phần các chất trong nước
20,4,Q=OO•2YM,-+[3M-1,->-L,h-XO,-I3O‚,4MF,MR+>-nM-3aO.10
M‹,4.‚,4!M‹,4h-3OT,4,4-+l>O•,4,-QOXO-0RMKa,4AW,4OPIO0,,4Qj+B?G
in˜.‚,4h-I+h-0X,4M-SO•,-+[3OXOh+H]0R+!OXOIO+i.TOsB˜.‚,4A_,f3YM
2I,48
Hình 3. Nước sinh hoạt ở nông thôn bị ô
nhiễm
KF4WHM-SO•,-+[3VI2+!OIi+H+!]+M+!HI,4I,!Ad]d,~N,.‚,4A_,f3YMiIM-SO•
,-+[3OI,f+!-Ci20A3,c3I!,IM2+A3,c3I! O20H!  h”H!
,+hd,~
;B`B;B Độ cứng (Các muối
Cacium và Magiesium)
I]O+3H  .1  HI4+dA+3H
MF,MR+M20,4,Q=OO-PCo3JOXO
iR,4  V+OI2V0,IMd  {
:
x
|!
I2V0,IMd  {
:
7x
|!  -]02+id
{]
x
|!  3]cIMd  {
`
7x
|B  I+  +0,
,1CV+k3M-mO-0KaOb,4OPI,Q=OBG,-Ob,4,1CM-ICKw+M3ˆM-d0-1H]Qy,4OXO
H3W+OI]O+3H.1HI4,dA+3HO•M20,4,Q=O]1H_,--QJ,4Ko,A+,--0RMO•,4,-Q
M20,4A_,f3YMB•7OXO-KkO-+IKaOb,4
− XO-;-+IKaOb,4]1H7]0R+]1KaOb,4OI2V0,IM.1KaOb,4h-T,4
OI2V0,IMBaOb,4OI2V0,IMV+k3M-m]Qy,4OI]O+3H.1HI4+dA+3HiQ=+iR,4H3W+

:
x
 ON,KaOb,4h-T,4OI2V0,IMdV+k3M-mH3W+OI]O+3H.1HI4+dA+3HiQ=+
iR,4]
x
.1
`
7x
B
− XO-7-+IKaOb,4]1H:]0R+]1KaOb,4MRHM-j+!KaOb,4.™,-Ot3.1
KaOb,4O-3,4-ICKQyO4Z+]1KaOb,4M01,>-L,B
− aOb,4MRHM-j+OPI,Q=OV+k3M-mH3W+
:
x
OPIOI]O+3H.1HI4+dA+3H
Vm>-U,-3•h-+K3,,•,4B
I{
:
|
7
šI
:
›
7
›
7

4{
:
|
7
š4
:
›
7
›
7

74{
:
|
7
š{4|
7

:
›:
7
›
7

− aOb,4.™,-Ot3]1KaOb,4ON,]R+AI3h-+K3,J;550V+k3M-mMw,4
]Qy,4I
7›
.14
7›
JiR,4H3W+O]023I-0\OH3W+A3,cIMB
− aOb,4O-3,4]1Mw,4OPIKaOb,4MRHM-j+.1KaOb,4.™,-Ot3B
;B`B7B Clorua (Cl
-
) và sunphat (SO
4
2-
)
]
x 
.1
`
7x
-L3,-QO•H\MM20,4OXO]0R+,Q=OM-+/,,-+/,B•h-T,4M-k
-+l,MG,-Ob,4O•,4,-Qh-T,44UCMXO-R+M20,4.+lOAtin,4B3C,-+/,,o3OXO
H3W+,1Cq3XOI0M-S4UC2IX>A3YMOI0M20,4q3XM2S,-Atin,4,F+-s+.S,•]1
,-Š,4-y>O-YMiDMI,M20,4,Q=OB\Mh-XO!_,--QJ,4Ko,A+,--0RMOPIO0,
,4Qj+!Ko,A€AW,4OPIKa,4^M-€O.pMM20,4,Q=Oh-+-1H]Qy,4q3XOI0B
;B`B:B Các muối Sắt (Fe
2+
, Fe
3+
)
2I,46
Hình 4. Một trạm xử lý nước thải
eMM-Qj,4MF,MR+M20,4,Q=OJiR,4H3W+œd{
:
|
7
B-+M+o>f•O]U3.=+
h-T,4h-G!H3W+AeMM2/,iDVm0fC-0XM-1,-H3W+AeM{|.14UCO\,œd{|
:
]1H
O-0,Q=OKnOB
;B`B`B Các muối Amonium (NH
4
+
)
(H0,+3H{
`
›
|{M-€O2Ih-T,4q3XKaOKW+.=+OsM-k,4Qj+{M+/3O-3—,]1
:H4•<|B-Q,4M20,4q3XM2S,-h-I+M-XO!ft]u.1]Q3M2Š,Q=O!,•O-3Ck,-•I
M-1,-,+M2+Md.1,+M2IMdB+M2+Md]1O-YMKaO2YMO•-R+O-0OsM-kB-+,4Qj+3W,4
>-_+!,•A”O-3Ck,-•IM-1,-,+M20AIH+,!HaMO-YMO•M+[H,E,44UC3,4M-QBXO
,4-+/,Ob3O-0M-YC!;4(H0,+3Hh-+O-3Ck,-•I-oMA”MR0M-1,-7B84,+M2+Md.1
:Bg94,+M2IMdB20,4h-+K•!-1H]Qy,4O-0>-–>OPI,+M2+Md]15B;H4•<.1,+M2IMd
]1;5^95H4•<B+=+-R,O-0>-–>OPI(H0,+IOh-T,4.QyMq3X:5H4•<B
;B`B9B Khí Oxy
-G
7
O•M20,4,Q=O4+•>GO-O-0OXOq3XM2S,-A+,--•IB<Qy,40fCM20,4
,Q=OO-PCo3]1fC-NIMI,{@|ž,-3OL3fC-•I-ZO{@|.1,-3OL3fC
A+,--ZO{}@|B
;B`B9B;B Lượng Oxy hòa tan (DO)
<Qs
Ÿ
,40fC-NIMI,M20,4,Q=OA”M-IH4+Iq3XM2S,-M2I0Kw+O-YM!i3CM2S
,E,4]Qy,4O-0q3XM2S,->-XMM2+k,!A+,-A_,.1MX+A_,f3YMOPIA+,-.pMAW,4iQ=+
,Q=OB?[H\M-•I-ZO!0fCh-T,4M-IH4+I>-_,b,4.=+,Q=OH1Ka-NIMI,OPI
0fCM20,4,Q=O>-nM-3aO.10X>A3YM.1,-+lMKaB
;B`B9B7B Nhu cầu oxy sinh học (BOD)
<1]Qy,40fCOL,M-+oMKk.+h-3—,Atin,4>-U,-PCO-YM-Š3OsiQ=+K+[3
h+l,-+o3h-GB-zM+/3,1CKkKX,-4+Xh-_,E,4M€]1HARO-OPI,43F,,Q=OB
}@O1,4OI0O-b,4M†HbOKaT,-+DHO1,4,\,4B
;B`B9B:B Nhu cầu oxy hóa học (COD)
<1]Qy,40fCOL,M-+oMKk0fC-•I-oMOXO-y>O-YM-Š3OsO•M20,4,Q=OB
Q=O,-+DHV—,A”O•Ka0fC-•IOI0>-_+MW,,-+[3-•IO-YMO-0OT,4MXOh-t
M2‚,4B
;B`BgB Phosphous
1H]Qy,4>-0A>-03AM20,4,Q=OMF,MR+iR,4
`
:x
!KQyOA+,-2IVJ+>-U,!
2XO2QJ+!OXO-y>O-YM-Š3OsM20,4A+,--0RM.1M20,4A_,f3YMM-_+2IB-0A>-IMd
]1H-•IO-YMV•,OUC!O-YMhGO-M-GO-ME,4M2QJ,4!O-YMMR0VZMM20,4VaM4+\M!O-YM
]1HH[H,Q=O!hGO-M-GO-ME,4M2QJ,4,-+[3]0R+.+A+,-.pM!>-+/3A+,-.pM!M_0~
-0A>-IMd4UC,-+[3MXOKa,4M20,4.+lOV_0.lHT+M2Qj,4B
;B`B8B Độ kiềm
2I,4v
20,4M-+/,,-+/,Kah+[HM-Qj,44UC2Ii0A€-+l,i+l,OPIOXOH3W+IO+i
Co3MF,MR+iQ=+iR,4
:
x
,-Q
:
!I
:
!I{
:
|
7
B20,4HaM.1+
M2Qj,4-y>Kah+[HM-Qj,44UC2Ii0+0,
x
 -IC
:
7x
 HYMK+M‹
:
x
Ba
h+‰HKQyOO-+I]1H:]0R+
− ah+[H
x
− ah+[H
:
7x
− ah+[H
:
7x
1.5. XOMXOKa,44UCT,-+DH,43F,,Q=O
41C,IC!,-3OL3>-XMM2+k,h+,-Mo,-I,-.=+HnOM+/3]y+,-3p,OI0!O0,
,4Qj+Kƒ]jK+OXOMXOKa,4_,--QJ,4Ko,OXO,-U,MWM€,-+/,.1HT+M2Qj,4HaM
OXO-M2€OM+o>-0\O4+X,M+o>B\OV+lMKW+.=+OXO,Q=OKI,4>-XMM2+k,.1OXO,Q=O
,4-‰0Kƒ]1HO-0HT+M2Qj,4,Q=OVmT,-+DH,41CO1,4M2LHM2Z,4-s,B€4+I
ME,4iU,AWq3X,-I,-]1,43C/,,-U,O-G,-4UCX>]€O]/,,43F,,Q=OB?S,-3
OL3,Q=OO-0>-XMM2+k,,T,4,4-+l>Kk4+IME,4]Qs,4M-€OM-€O>-—H!>-XMM2+k,
OT,4,4-+l>Kk4+IME,4-1,4-•I.14+IME,4M-/H,-+[3-S,-M-bOimO-.n~
;B9B;B ,- hưởng do hoạt động sống của con người
XOiN,4,Q=OH\M{AT,4! h/,-  2RO-~|  K\O
V+lM]1J.‚,4KTM-mK[3VmT ,-+DHM2LHM2Z,4VJ+
2XOM-_+!,Q=OM-_+A+,--0RMM‹ OXO  h-3  iU,  OQ  f_
.10h/,-2RO-O-QIq3Ift]uB S,-M2R,4]Y,O-+oH
]N,4!VjAT,4h/,-2RO-KkA+,- AW,4!f_2XO.1,Q=O
M-_+M2€OM+o>M2/,V[H\M4UCT ,-+DH,Q=OH\M!O_,
M2J]Q3M-T,4OPIiN,4O-_C!MeO,4-”,OW,42ƒ,-MR0,Q=OM‚BT+M2Qj,4CoHh-G
4+IME,4>-U,-PCOXO-y>O-YM-Š3Os!h-T,4,-Š,44UCH‚+-T+M-W+!T,-+DH
,43F,,Q=O.1HT+M2Qj,4H1ON,4UCh-•h-E,M20,4.+lO]YC,43F,,Q=OH\Kk
ft]uM-1,-,43F,,Q=OARO-OY>O-0,-3OL3fƒ-a+B
-3OL3,Q=OAtin,4O-0E,3W,4!A+,--0RM.1OXO-0RMKa,4h-XOOPIO0,
,4Qj+4+IME,4!i•,Ko,MS,-M2R,4h-I+M-XO,Q=OiQ=+KYMM21,]I,4UCOR,h+lM
,43F,,Q=O.1_,--QJ,4Ko,HT+M2Qj,4,-QAn>]•,!,-+DHH\,~
+ŠI,Q=OH\,.1,Q=O,-RMO•HaM2I,-4+=+!h-+-0RMKa,4h-I+M-XO,Q=O
iQ=+KYMq3XHbOKQj,42I,-4+=+,1CA”M+o,iL,Ko,OT,4M2S,-h-I+M-XO!H€O
,Q=OH\,fUH,-p>iL,!K—C]‚+H€O,Q=O,4ZM.10AU3.1]1H,-+DHH\,OXO
OT,4M2S,-h-I+M-XOM20,4h-3.€OB
;B9B7B Ảnh hưởng do phát triển nông nghiệp
2I,4;5
Hình 5. Một kênh nước bị ô nhiễm
?+lOO-E,,3T+4+IA•O4+IOLHJ-a4+IKS,-.‚,4,T,4M-T,ON,O-QIO•u
M-bOM+oMh+lH,43F,,Q=OM20,4.+lO.lA+,-!.lA+,-O-3F,4M2R+!O-QIO•-l
M-W,4ft]uO-YMM-_+,Q=OM-_+!>-L,]=,O-0.10I0-F!VkM€-0R+KkM-YH.10KYM
iD4UCT,-+lHHT+M2Qj,4K\MV+lM]1,43F,,Q=O,4LHB
?+lO,3T+OXOV‰OX!V‰MTHM2€OM+o>M2/,OXOiN,4,Q=OH\MAT,42RO-Kƒ
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OPIOXiQM-‹I!A€h-3YCKa,4,43F,,Q=O!A€O_,M2J]Q3
M-T,4iN,4H\MB
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-•IO-YMM20,4>-U,V•,!OXO]0R+M-3WOhGO--0RM>-XM
M2+k,OUC~-+[3-lM-W,4h/,-HQs,4MQ=+M+/3,a+KF,4KƒVmT,-+DH,43F,
,Q=O.1>-XMMX,2a,4BlM-W,4MQ=+M+/3.1-S,-M-bOMQ=+M+/3h-T,4-y>]u]1
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;B9B:B Ảnh hưởng do phát triển công ngiệp và dịch vụ
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HT]=,i•,Ko,,-3OL3.[,43F,,Q=OME,4!h-T,4,-Š,4,Q=O>-nO.nO-0A_,
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]1HM-ICKw+O-YM]Qy,4,Q=O,4ZM!H1ON,_,--QJ,4fY3Ko,KYM.1HT+M2Qj,4
A+,-M-X+B
?+lOf_,Q=OM-_+A_,f3YMM‹OXO,-1HXC!h-3O-of3YMh-3OT,4,4-+l>
O-QIKQyOft]u.10AT,42RO-!I0-F4UCT,-+DH,Q=OH\M!,Q=OiQ=+KYMB-pH
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OXO-WiQ=+KYMKkf_,Q=OM-_+]1H_,--QJ,4,4-+/HM2Z,4Ko,OXOML,4,Q=O
iQ=+KYMB
;B9B`B Ảnh hưởng do một số nguyên nhân khác
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OXO.pMO-YM-Š3OsM‹,Q=OM-_+!2XOM-_+4UCVF+]e,4.1_,--QJ,4Ko,.+lOM+/3
M-0XMOPIiN,4,Q=OB
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Hình 6. Nguồn nước bị ô nhiễm do hoạt động
nông nghiệp
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1.6. Tình trạng ô nhiễm môi trường
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;BgB;B Tình trạng ô nhiễm môi trường tại việt nam
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